DECISION No DECISION No. 60/2002/QD-BKHCNMT OF AUGUST 7, 2002 PROMULGATING THE TECHNICAL GUIDANCE ON BURIAL OF HAZARDOUS WASTES THE MINISTER OF SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENT Pursuant to the 1993 Law on Environmental Protection; Pursuant to the Government�s Decree No. 22/CP of May 22, 1993 defining the tasks, powers and organizational apparatus of the Ministry of Science, Technology and Environment; Pursuant to the Prime Minister�s Decision No. 155/1999/QD-TTg of July 16, 1999 promulgating the Regulation on Management of Hazardous Wastes; After reaching agreement with the Ministry of Construction; At the proposal of the director of the Environment Department, DECIDES: Article 1.- To promulgate together with this Decision the Technical Guidance on Burial of Hazardous Wastes. Article 2.- This Decision takes effect 15 days after its signing. Article 3.- The ministries, branches, People�s Committees of the provinces and centrally-run cities and concerned organizations as well as individuals shall have to implement this Decision. For the Minister of Science, Technology and Environment Vice Minister PHAM KHOI NGUYEN TECHNICAL GUIDANCE ON BURIAL OF HAZARDOUS WASTES (Issued together with Decision No. 60/2002/QD-BKHCNMT of the Minister of Science, Technology and Environment of August 7, 2002) Part 1 GENERAL INTRODUCTION 1.1. General introduction of the guiding document Performing its functions and tasks defined in the Government�s Decree No.22/CP of May 22, 1993 on the tasks, powers and organizational apparatus of the Ministry of Science, Technology and Environment; In order to satisfy the current urgent demand for designing, construction and operation of hazardous waste burial sites aiming to limit pollution and protect the environment, The Ministry of Science, Technology and Environment hereby promulgates the technical guidance on burial of hazardous wastes, which comprises six parts as follows: Part 1. General introduction Part 2. Kinds of hazardous wastes which are not allowed for direct burial into the hazardous waste burial sites. Part 3. Location selection, designing and construction of hazardous waste burial sites. Part 4. Operation and observation. Part 5. The stage of closure and post-closure of hazardous waste burial sites. Part 6. Contents needed for the implementation of projects on hazardous waste burial sites This guidance provides the principles; methodology and minimum norms with a view to preventing and minimizing the harms caused by hazardous wastes to the community health and environment; provides overall and flexible approaches to hygienic hazardous waste burial sites according to the technical requirements prescribed in this guidance for application to each specific geographical area of the localities. 1.2. General situation on hazardous waste management system 1.2.1. Management of hazardous wastes: All stages of the above-mentioned system of hazardous waste management is shown in Figure 1 (See next page - P. 24). 1.2.2. Adverse impacts on the environment, caused by hazardous waste burial sites (HWBS) This guiding document largely touches upon Stage 5, the stage of discarding the wastes, more specifically discarding dregs from various treatment processes by the method of burial. The HWBS�s adverse impacts on the environment include: - Poisonous gases and stinking smells emitting into the environment. - Dust dispersed in the course of transportation and burial of hazardous wastes into the burial sites. - Pollution of soil, surface water and underground water due to leakage of garbage water. - The possibility of direct contacts of workers working at the burial sites. - Pollution of the environment, laborers in the burial site areas. - Impacts on environmental landscapes, society. Particularly, extreme importance should be attached to the study of the potential impacts on community health and environment in order to minimize the danger of leakage of hazardous matters right from the stage of location selection to the stage of designing, construction, operation and closure of burial sites. Part 2 HAZARDOUS WASTES NOT ALLOWED FOR DIRECT BURIAL INTO HAZARDOUS WASTE BURIAL SITES Guidance 1 for Part 2: The hazardous wastes which are allowed to be buried in HWBSs are prescribed in the Regulation on Management of Hazardous Wastes (issued together with Decision No.155/1999/QD-TTg of July 16, 1999 of the Prime Minister). The following wastes are banned from direct burial in the burial sites: � Liquid solutions or materials. � Empty packages except when they are pressed, cut to pieces or treated by similar measures to reduce their volumes. � Explosion-prone substances, flammable solid substances, matters prone to reaction with water, oxidized matters and organic perocide. The above-mentioned liquid wastes can be buried only when � Measures to eliminate the liquid matters from the wastes are applied or the method of solidifying the liquid is used. � For flammable, explodable wastes, matters which can instantly catch fire or are prone to reaction to water, oxidized matters of organic perocide, their names and prescribed standards already listed in Vietnam�s system of hazardous wastes classification, or in Appendix 1 to Basel Convention (corresponding to waste types coded internationally H1, H3, H4.1, H4.3, H5.1, H5.2) should be consulted Guidance 2 for Part 2: � For wastes containing hazardous organic matters, particularly the halogenated organic matters, consideration should be made in order to determine the maximum concentration threshold allowed for direct burial. � The definition and concentration thresholds of hazardous organic components in wastes regarded as hazardous ones shall be consulted in Vietnam�s system of waste classification in the annex section of List A of the classification system, types A3 and A4. Guidance 3 for Part 2: - Not to dilute or mix hazardous wastes with other substances only for the purpose of achieving the limited concentration stated in Guidance 2 for Part 2. - Before their burial, the hazardous wastes must be treated and/or stabilized by the most suitable verified techniques in order to minimize the possibility of leakage of pollutants into the environment or when the safety system of the burial sites is out of order. These managerial and technical solutions include: + Reduction of the volume of wastes at their sources through measures of modifying the production process; + Recovery, recycling and/or reuse of waste components; + Analysis of diluted solid by physio-chemical methods or de-contamination measures; + Treatment of organic compounds which are easy to decompose by biological methods; + Solidification, stabilization of liquid hazardous wastes into solid hazardous wastes or wastes which cause no reaction to surrounding environment; + Thermo-treatment in order to destroy organic wastes. Recommendations mentioned in the system of hazardous waste classification should be used to select appropriate technological solutions to the treatment of various hazardous wastes. Detailed instructions on the application of these technologies can be consulted in the separate technical guidance on solidification, physio-chemical treatment, biological treatment or burning. Guidance 4 for Part 2: Hazardous wastes must be treated with the existing technologies suitable to each type of waste as well as to various burial stages. Part 3 LOCATION SELECTION, DESIGNING AND CONSTRUCTION OF HAZARDOUS WASTE BURIAL SITES 3.1. Selection of locations for hazardous waste burial sites 3.3.1. Requirements on the selection of locations for hazardous waste burial sites The selection of locations for hazardous waste burial sites should meet the following requirements: - The burial locations must be determined on the basis of the construction planning already approved by competent State agencies. - The burial sites must be large enough in acreage and capacity for burial of the hazardous waste volume arising in the future, possibly the best land area for a site can satisfy the requirement for burial of hazardous wastes for at least 15 - 20 years in the planning region. - The burial sites must be characterized by appropriate natural conditions for limiting the adverse impacts on the environment in the course of site construction, operation and closure. - When selecting locations for burial sites, attention should be paid to such elements as natural geography, topographical, hydro-geological, engineering-geological, cultural and social characteristics, local and State law provisions; community opinions; distance for transportation of wastes, historical relics, scenic places, tourist resorts. Guidance for Clause 3.1.1: In the course of selecting locations for burial of hazardous wastes, it is necessary to examine and take into account such elements as the land use planning, the size and operation duration of burial sites; geographical, geological, hydro-geological and engineering-geological characteristics; biological, socio-economic elements, the community opinions; waste transportation distance; the elements of landscapes, security and defense� 3.1.2. Selection of burial site models There are different models for designing and construction of hazardous waste burial sites, possibly including: - Above-ground burial sites are those built on earth surface in flat-terrain or light-slope areas, the wastes buried according to designs shall create positive terrain. - Underground burial sites are those where hazardous wastes are buried under the ground surface. - Above-ground-cum-underground burial sites means those built half underground and half above-ground. Hazardous wastes are buried not only in the underground holes but also above-ground and covered at the designed heights. Each burial site model has its pluses and minuses, but the selection thereof must be based on the characteristics of each region. Upon the selection of appropriate burial site models, the following factors should be taken into account: - The type and volume of the hazardous waste. - Terrain. - The land area of the permitted location. - The strata and permeance of soil and rock. - The depth and descent of the underground water level. - The availability of rational raw materials. - The capability to control the risk of waste leakage. - Surrounding landscape. Guidance for Clause 3.1.2: There are now many different HWBS models (the above-ground burial sites, the underground burial sites, the above-ground-cum-underground burial sites�). Upon the selection of any burial site model, all the following factors should be taken into account: type and volume of hazardous waste, terrain, the land area of the permitted location, the strata and permeance of soil and rock, the depth and descent of underground water level, the available raw materials, the capability to control the risk of waste leakage and the surrounding landscape� 3.1.3. Section of burial options For each type of model, the following burial options can be selected: - The burial compartment option: The burial sites can be divided into different compartments to store hazardous wastes. The burial compartments may be in square of 1:1 size in length and width. Each compartment can be buried with wastes according to its designed capacity and wastes shall be buried in form of myriapod. The operation duration of each compartment, therefore, shall be shorter than the whole operation duration of the burial site. - Burial ditch option: Hazardous wastes shall be buried in ditches with their lengths being bigger than their widths; each ditch can be buried with a volume of waste according to the designed capacity. Unlike burial compartments, the burial ditches constantly develop with activities of opening ditches to dump wastes and closing ditches simultaneously when wastes are buried into ditches. The operation duration of a burial ditch is longer than that of a burial compartment, often lasting for months or for years. The length of a burial ditch is limited by the size of the burial site. - Burial zone option: A burial zone means a burial site with its entire existing land area fully developed. The burial zones also develop constantly with activities of opening, waste dumping and closing the burial zones. The burial zones develop along this direction till the entire land areas of the burial sites are used up. The burial zone-developing option reveals its advantage that its utility area is made fuller use of than burial ditches and compartments, and also its disadvantages that it is more difficult to protect the environment in the process of operating the site and the initial investment is large. The burial compartment and ditch options are advantageous in making initial investment but disadvantageous in making the fullest use of their land areas. Consequently, the selection and development of any appropriate option depend on the specific requirements of each burial site such as the daily volume of hazardous wastes, the natural conditions (weather, climate, terrain hydro-geology, engineering geology), the technical conditions for environmental protection and initial-investment capability� Guidance for Clause 3.1.3: The burial of hazardous wastes at sites can be carried out according to various options such as burial compartments, burial ditches and burial zones. The selection and development of any option shall depend on the specific requirements of each site and the technical conditions. 3.1.4. Scales and areas of burial sites The scales and areas of HWBSs are determined on the following bases: - The current and future volume of hazardous wastes. - The reusability and treatment of hazardous wastes before they are buried. - The land use planning. The land area portion for construction of support works such as roads, dikes, storehouses, yards, workshops, water drainage and supply system, buffer zone- protecting belts and other support works often represents 15- 50% of the total acreage of a site. Guidance for Clause 3.1.4: The scales and land areas of HWBSs may vary but must ensure that the whole volume of hazardous wastes is fully buried in a given region or area according to the designed capacities. The determination of scale and land area of a HWBS should be based on the current and future volume of hazardous wastes, the reusability and treatment of hazardous wastes before they are discarded, and the land use planning. 3.1.5. Steps for selection of burial sites The selection of hazardous-waste burial site locations is often carried out in four steps: - Step 1: To gather documents on climate, terrain, hydro-geology, engineering geology, infrastructure�, as well as information related to the requirements of the hazardous waste burial sites such as types and volume of hazardous wastes at present and in the future; the operation duration of the burial sites; other regulations on the extent of survey on hazardous waste burial sites� - Step 2: To analyze relevant documents, consult the central and local plannings on land use, and study then propose a number of suitable locations. To examine relevant factors such as natural geography, hydrogeology, engineering geology, socio-economic situation�which require the participation of concerned branches and opinions of the community. - Step 3: To conduct topographical, hydro-geological, engineering- geological and other surveys at locations proposed for selection. - Step 4: To analyze, evaluate and compare conditions and factors so as to make final decisions on selection of the optimum locations for hazardous waste burial sites. Guidance for Clause 3.1.5: The selection of locations for hazardous waste burial sites should abide by those steps from gathering documents to surveying the terrain, hydro-geology, engineering geology and making final decisions. The selected HWBS locations must ensure to the utmost the economic efficiency and safety for human health as well as the environment. 3.2. Designing and contruction of HWBS 3.2.1. Examining the designs Hazardous waste burial sites are the final destruction places; hence they must be designed according to the prescribed standards and in a way convenient for the inspection of all hazardous waste leakage into surrounding environment throughout the process of site operation, closure and post-closure. At present there are two designing tendencies: The first tendency is to ensure the environmental safety on the basis of using the natural conditions, namely to choose locations endowed with favorable natural conditions such as the topographical, hydro-geological and engineering geological characteristics, which can best limit the leakage and dispersement of wastes into the environment. So, the expenses for construction of sites shall be reduced and the maintenance of burial sites can be alleviated or eliminated. The second tendency is to use "prefab burial compartments", meaning to use technical and/or technological measures for construction of compartments to store hazardous wastes, including the bottom-and wall-lining layers, the system of recovering and gathering leakage water and penetration- detecting system. Whatever tendency is followed, the important thing is that there must be accurate information on the terrain, hydro-geological and engineering-geological characteristics of the hazardous waste burial sites. Guidance for Clause 3.2.1: Upon the examination of designs, it is necessary to compile a report on comprehensive evaluation of the hazardous waste burial site locations (example: terrain, hydro-geological, engineering-geological, climatic� characteristics), including the hazardous waste burial models and options, observation posts in order to control the waste leakage into surrounding environment. 3.2.2. Ground and security Based on the planning on HWBSs, attention should be paid to such factors on their grounds as terrain, wind direction, surface flow direction, underground flow direction so as to arrange burial compartments, ditches or zones suitable to the calculated acreage, support works: buildings and workshops, storehouses, sanitation area, treatment area, inspection area, operation control area, testing area, protection area; internal roads, lighting system, green-tree system, buffer zone� The area for arrangement of support works may occupy 15- 50% of the total acreage of a HWBS. All accesses to hazardous waste burial sites must be strictly controlled. Irrelevant persons are not allowed to enter the hazardous waste burial sites. The inbound and outbound roads must run through the only control gate for paper presentation, inspection and other administrative procedures. It is necessary to install signboards, signal and light systems to guide traffic into and out of the sites. An appropriate buffer zone around each site�s borderline is needed. The buffer zones can be planted with trees or blocking boss which play the role of visibility blocking or sound insulation and also the role of a safety borderline against waste leakage. The width of the buffer zone and blocking shield (visibility blocking/ sound insulation) may vary, depending on the current land use status of the surrounding areas, and at the same time must satisfy the actual role of the buffer zone for hazardous waste burial sites. Trees with big canopy, little deciduousness but evergreen should be selected. The tree height shall be calculated to be at least equal to the height of the burial sites and can block the visibility from the outside into the sites; the width of the buffer zone should not be smaller than 20m. The hazardous waste burial sites need outside defense system in order to prevent irrelevant persons, cattle or wild animals from entering the sites. Guidance for Clause 3.2.2: - When designing grounds for hazardous waste burial sites, attention should be paid to physical factors (terrain, wind direction, current direction, accesses, landscape�) - Around a hazardous waste burial site, an appropriate buffer zone should be arranged to pl

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